Current Electricity
Class 12 · Current Electricity

Battery Combinations

Series multiplies ε, parallel divides r. Toggle and watch I update.

Run simulation

Key Notes

01

Series: ε_eq = Σε_i, r_eq = Σr_i. Higher voltage but higher internal R.

02

Parallel (identical cells): ε_eq = ε, r_eq = r/n. Same V, lower internal R, more current.

03

Mixed grouping: choose to maximize current through given load.

Formulas

Series

n cells in series.

Parallel

n identical cells in parallel.

Important Points

For best current through R: number of cells in series so that nr ≈ R.

Don't mix cells of different EMFs in parallel — circulating current will flow.

Battery Combinations notes from sciphylab (also known as SciPhy, SciPhy Lab, SciPhy Labs, Physics Lab). Class 12 physics revision for JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, NEET UG, AP Physics 1/2/C, SAT, and CUET-UG.