Isothermal Process
PV = const — see hyperbola on PV plot.
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Class 11 · Notes
Thermodynamics— Notes, Formulas & Revision
Complete revision notes and formulas for Thermodynamics (Class 11). Curated for JEE, NEET, AP Physics, SAT, and CUET. Tap any topic to open the live simulation and full PYQ set.
Adiabatic Process
PV^γ = const — steeper than isotherm.
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Isochoric Process
V = const, W = 0, Q = ΔU.
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Isobaric Process
P = const, W = PΔV.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
ΔU = Q − W — heat in, work out.
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Work in Gas Expansion
W = ∫P dV — area under PV curve, 3 paths.
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Heat Engine Cycle
Rectangular cycle on PV — η = W_net / Q_in.
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Refrigerator / Heat Pump
COP = Q_c / W — work input pulls heat from cold.
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Carnot Engine
η = 1 − T_c/T_h — ideal max efficiency.
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Real vs Ideal Engine
Compare side-by-side — losses in real systems.
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PV Diagram Explorer
Switch between 4 processes on a single plot.
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T–S Diagram (Carnot)
Carnot rectangle — area = work done.
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Cyclic Process
ΔU = 0, W = ∮P dV — engine vs refrigerator direction.
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Internal Energy of Ideal Gas
U = (f/2) nRT — depends only on T.
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Thermodynamics on sciphylab (also known as SciPhy, SciPhy Lab, SciPhy Labs). Free physics revision for Class 11, JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, NEET UG, AP Physics 1/2/C, SAT Subject Physics, and CUET-UG.