Huygens' Principle
Each wavefront point emits secondary wavelets — envelope = new wavefront.
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Class 12 · Notes
Wave Optics— Notes, Formulas & Revision
Complete revision notes and formulas for Wave Optics (Class 12). Curated for JEE, NEET, AP Physics, SAT, and CUET. Tap any topic to open the live simulation and full PYQ set.
Young's Double-Slit
Fringe width β = λD/d. Live colored interference pattern on screen.
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Single-Slit Diffraction
I = I₀(sin α/α)². First minimum at a sinθ = λ. Central max width 2λ/a.
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Coherent Sources
Two synchronized sources — interference field with hyperbolic bright fringes.
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Malus' Law (Polarization)
I = I₀cos²θ. Two polarizers — angle determines transmitted intensity.
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Brewster's Angle
tan θ_B = n₂/n₁. Reflected ray fully polarized perpendicular to plane.
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Diffraction Grating
N slits — sharper, brighter principal maxima at d sinθ = mλ.
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Resolving Power (Rayleigh)
θ_min = 1.22 λ/D. Two Airy patterns transition resolved → unresolved.
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Thin Film Interference
2nt cosθ_t = mλ — soap film, oil slick, anti-reflection coatings.
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Wave Optics on sciphylab (also known as SciPhy, SciPhy Lab, SciPhy Labs). Free physics revision for Class 12, JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, NEET UG, AP Physics 1/2/C, SAT Subject Physics, and CUET-UG.