Vector Components

Any 2D vector can be resolved into perpendicular components: Vₓ = V cosθ, Vᵧ = V sinθ.

Magnitude: |V| = √(Vₓ² + Vᵧ²). Direction: tanθ = Vᵧ/Vₓ.

Components allow us to treat x and y motions independently — core of 2D kinematics.