Current Electricity

V = IR with animated electron flow whose density scales with I.

Compare ohmic (linear), diode (exponential), bulb (super-linear) curves.

Wire stretches/thins live; resistance updates accordingly.

Cu, Fe, W (positive α) vs Si (negative α). Linear plot.

R_t = ΣRᵢ. Same I. V splits in proportion to each R.

1/R_t = Σ1/Rᵢ. Same V. I splits inversely with R.

Balance condition P/Q = R/S. Galvanometer reads zero when balanced.

Slide jockey along 1m wire; X = R·ℓ/(100−ℓ) at balance.

2-loop circuit solved live. Currents update with KCL+KVL system.

Two opposing EMFs around a loop — i = (ε₁−ε₂)/(R₁+R₂).

V = ε − Ir. As R drops, more voltage is wasted across r.

y-intercept = ε, slope = −r. Short circuit at V=0.

ε = kℓ. Slide jockey to find balance length on long wire.

H = I²Rt. Wire glows brighter at higher P. Live ΔT estimate.

P = VI = I²R = V²/R. Three bars stay equal as you change V, R.

R₁ in series with R₂||R₃. Live currents in each branch.

v_d = I/(nAe). Animated electrons with thermal motion + tiny drift.

σ = ne²τ/m. See ions + electrons + collisions on atomic scale.

Series multiplies ε, parallel divides r. Toggle and watch I update.

R_load → 0. I = ε/r. Wire overheats — visualized with red glow.