Energy Band Diagram
Valence and conduction bands split by E_g — tune T to see thermal excitation follow exp(−E_g/2kT).
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Class 12 · Notes
Semiconductor Electronics— Notes, Formulas & Revision
Complete revision notes and formulas for Semiconductor Electronics (Class 12). Curated for JEE, NEET, AP Physics, SAT, and CUET. Tap any topic to open the live simulation and full PYQ set.
Conductor vs Insulator vs Semiconductor
Three-panel side-by-side band comparison with resistivity labels.
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Intrinsic Semiconductor
Pure Si lattice — thermal breaking of covalent bonds creates e⁻/hole pairs (n=p=n_i).
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Extrinsic (n-type & p-type)
Doping with pentavalent P (extra e⁻) or trivalent B (extra hole) — toggle type live.
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PN Junction
Depletion region, built-in V_bi = 0.7 V — apply forward/reverse bias and see width change.
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Diode I-V Characteristics
Shockley: I = I_s(exp(V/V_T)−1) — knee at ~0.7 V Si; tiny reverse current.
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Half-Wave Rectifier
Single diode — V_out = max(0, V_in − 0.7) with live oscilloscope trace.
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Full-Wave Rectifier
Bridge of 4 diodes — V_out = |V_in| − 1.4 V with optional capacitor filter.
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Transistor (NPN, CE)
I_C = β · I_B — tune V_BB through cutoff, active, and saturation regions.
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Logic Gates
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR — toggle A/B and watch output LED + truth table.
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Zener Diode (Regulator)
Sharp reverse breakdown at V_z = 5.1 V — output clamps once V_in exceeds V_z.
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LED Behavior
λ = 1240/E_g — 5 materials from GaAs (IR) to InGaN (violet) with photon emission.
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Semiconductor Electronics on sciphylab (also known as SciPhy, SciPhy Lab, SciPhy Labs). Free physics revision for Class 12, JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, NEET UG, AP Physics 1/2/C, SAT Subject Physics, and CUET-UG.